Sports
byname of JOHN ARTHUR JOHNSON (b. March 31, 1878, Galveston, Texas, U.S.–d. June 10, 1946, Raleigh, N.C.), first black to hold the heavyweight boxing championship of the world.
Johnson fought professionally from 1897 to 1928 and engaged in exhibition matches as late as 1945. He won the title by knocking out champion Tommy Burns in Sydney, Dec. 26, 1908, and lost it on a knockout by Jess Willard in 26 rounds in Havana, April 5, 1915.
Until his fight with Burns, discrimination limited Johnson’s opportunities and purses. When he became champion, a hue and cry for a “Great White Hope” produced numerous opponents.
At the height of his career Johnson was excoriated by the press for having twice married white women, and he further offended white supremacists by knocking out former champion James J. Jeffries, who was induced to come out of retirement as a “Great White Hope.” In connection with one of his marriages, Johnson was convicted in 1912 of violating the Mann Act in transporting his wife across state lines before their marriage. He was sentenced to a year in prison and was released on bond, pending appeal. Disguised as a member of a black baseball team, he fled to Canada, made his way to Europe, and was a fugitive for seven years.
He defended the championship three times in Paris before agreeing to fight Willard in Cuba. Some observers thought that Johnson, mistakenly believing that the charge against him would be dropped if he yielded the championship to a white man, deliberately lost to Willard. From 1897 to 1928, Johnson had 114 bouts, winning 80, 45 by knockouts.
In 1920 Johnson surrendered to U.S. marshals and served his sentence, fighting in several bouts within the federal prison at Leavenworth, Kan. After his release he fought occasionally and appeared in vaudeville and carnival acts, appearing finally with a trained flea act. He wrote two books of memoirs, Mes Combats (in French, 1914) and Jack Johnson in the Ring and Out (1927; reprinted 1975). He died in an automobile accident.
Sports
In 1961 Charlie Sifford became the first Black pro to receive a PGA card after the organization abolished it’s ‘Whites Only’ rule. He later won the Hartford Open in 1967 with a final-round 64, becoming the first black player to win a PGA event; won the PGA Seniors Championship in 1975; amassed over $1 million in career earnings; published his autobiography ?Just Let Me Play? in 1992.
Sports
1856-1896
Called by racing experts the “greatest jockey in the history of the sport,” Isaac Murphy dedicated his life to elevating the sport of horse racing to an art form. Murphy won his first race on Glentina at age fifteen, and in 1884 he won his first Kentucky Derby on Buchanan, owned by William Bird, an African American.
A second Derby victory on Riley in 1890 and a historic third win on Kingman in 1891 made Murphy the first jockey to ride winning mounts in the Derby three times and the first to win the prestigious race for two consecutive years.
A winning jockey in other major racing venues as well, Murphy rode the winners from 1884 to 1886 and in 1888 at the American Derby. At Saratoga he won forty-nine of fifty-one races in 1892. His career win-loss record was an incredible 628 out of 1,412 starts.
Sports
Jackie Robinson is a legendary figure and his name is now synonymous with the desegregation and redefinition of professional sports. Yet, our collective knowledge of the historical process that created this American icon, has been reduced to an occasional “color commentary.”
Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey are forever linked in American history. Rickey understood the psyche of white America. While Rickey’s motives are still unclear, history has proven that his “great experiment” to integrate baseball, ultimately had less to do with baseball and more to do with challenging deep seated attitudes about race.
The process had to be systematic, and Jackie Robinson not only had to have all the required physical and emotional assets, he had to be willing to make the necessary sacrifices.
Sam Lacy, The AFRO-American’s sports editor from 1944 through the present, confirms that while Jackie Robinson was not the most talented black player in the Negro Leagues, he was the best choice for integrating the Major Leagues. Like Rickey, Mr. Lacy believed that Jackie’s early experiences playing and working with whites at UCLA and in the Army gave him an understanding many other black players did not have, as most had only lived and played in segregated arenas.
Those early experiences showed Jackie that in America race was the issue that defined the opportunities available to blacks. From his earliest experiences with his family in Pasadena, California, he quickly learned that he had to actively respond to racist ignorance.
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But, from his first game with the Montreal Royals in April 1946, until the 1949 season, Jackie was forced to passively respond to racist taunts and threats. In fact, the required silence was his most difficult sacrifice, as it went against how he had chosen to live his life.
When he was free to speak out, it became clear that he had his own athletic and political agenda to pursue. Throughout the whole experience, especially in his final years in baseball he used his athletic stature and popularity, to turn society’s focus towards humanity and equality for blacks and whites.
Today with the dominance of black players in professional sports, it seems unfathomable that just under 50 years ago not only were black athletes absent in all mainstream sporting arenas, it was simply not an option and even illegal in some states.
Robinson is heroic, in part, because of the excellence of his athletic achievement; and equally important, for his political commitment to racial equality. He reaffirms for blacks in America that ours is a history of struggle, survival and accomplishment.
Sports
World record-holder Jesse Owens had one qualifying jump left at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. He had fouled on four of his first five tries. And he was angry because Nazi ruler Adolf Hitler, with his misguided notions of Aryan supremacy, had just delivered an insult by departing from the stadium as Owens began his jumps. Suddenly, quietly, his chief rival, German long jumper Luz Long, said to Owens, “…remeasure your steps… take off six inches behind the foul board.” Thus was an unlikely friendship born between an African-American and a German. And thus was Jesse Owens inspired to capture an unprecedented four Olympic gold medals with record performances in the long jump, the 100- and 200-meter dashes, and the 400-meter relay. Positive experiences such as the Olympic Games revelation by Luz, seemed to balance the racial-prejudice negatives in Jesse Owens’ life as an African American, leading too his moderate ideology and his admiration of the principles and practices of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Owens parlayed his international track-star reputation into jobs helping his people–such as national director of physical education for African-Americans with the Office of Civilian Defense (1940-42), which he called”the most gratifying work I’ve ever done.”” But for all his desire to help others, Jesse Owens was largely a self-made man. A frail,, sickly child, he developed into a strong runner, winning national high school titles inn three events. Dozens of colleges pursued Owens, but he chose to go to Ohio State,, where he had to work his way through school. Owens stunned the nation in 1935 when he set three world records and equaled another in one day, running a 20.3-second 220-yard dash, 22.6 in the 220-yard low hurdles, a record-tying 9.4-second 100 yard dash, and long-jumping 26′-8-1/4… a mark that was not surpassed for 25 years.. And amid all his deserved adulation, Jesse Owens maintained his perspective. “Life,”” he said, “is the real Olympics.”
